A knot crossing a disk transversally, always from the same side and at least once, has non-zero Gauss linking number with the disk's boundary
ProvedHryniewiczCriterion.gaussLinkingIntegral_ne_zero_of_transverse_diskLet be on an open neighbourhood of the closed unit disk with on , so . Let be a , -periodic immersion (), so runs (possibly several times) around . Let be a , -periodic loop that is injective modulo (a knot). Assume:
- misses the boundary loop: for all ;
- crosses the disk transversally, always from the same side: for a fixed ,
- meets at least once.
Then there is a unit vector missing both loops such that the Gauss linking integral gaussLinkingIntegral N (E ∘ u) γ (stereographic projection from ) is a non-zero integer.
This is the statement "the linking number of a knot with the boundary of a surface equals the algebraic intersection number of the knot with the surface", in the special case where all intersections have the same sign. The algebraic count is then . Here need not be injective, and is the determinant with the four vectors as rows, which orients the disk relative to inside .
Suggested proof. The crossings are finitely many interior points , by transversality and compactness. Choose a centre in the open disk so that the lie on distinct rays from ; the bad centres form finitely many lines. Work in the strip coordinates , . Graph loops interpolate between (the boundary loop) and (a constant loop, Gauss integral ). Use bump functions to move past one crossing at a time. Each move changes the Gauss integral by the Gauss integral of a small loop around that crossing: arcs with fixed endpoints can be homotoped freely, since the boundary terms of the variation formula vanish. A small loop on a transverse surface around a knot has Gauss integral , with the sign given by condition 2 and by the orientation of , which is the same at every crossing.
import Definitions.Def_HryniewiczCriterion_GlobalSection import Definitions.Def_HryniewiczCriterion_SelfLinking open HryniewiczCriterion
theorem HryniewiczCriterion.gaussLinkingIntegral_ne_zero_of_transverse_disk (E : Plane → R4) (U : Set Plane) (hU : IsOpen U) (hDU : closedUnitDisk ⊆ U)
(hE : ContDiffOn ℝ 2 E U) (hEunit : ∀ v ∈ closedUnitDisk, euclidNorm (E v) = 1)
(u : ℝ → Plane) (hu : ContDiff ℝ 2 u) (huper : ∀ s, u (s + 1) = u s)
(hucirc : ∀ s, u s ∈ unitCircle) (hu' : ∀ s, deriv u s ≠ 0)
(γ : ℝ → R4) (hγ : ContDiff ℝ 2 γ) (hγper : ∀ t, γ (t + 1) = γ t)
(hγunit : ∀ t, euclidNorm (γ t) = 1) (hγinj : ∀ s t, γ s = γ t → ∃ n : ℤ, t = s + n)
(hbd : ∀ s t, E (u s) ≠ γ t) (σ : ℝ)
(htr : ∀ t, ∀ v ∈ closedUnitDisk, E v = γ t →
0 < σ * Matrix.det (Matrix.of ![γ t, deriv γ t,
fderiv ℝ E v (Pi.single 0 1), fderiv ℝ E v (Pi.single 1 1)]))
(hcross : ∃ t, ∃ v ∈ closedUnitDisk, E v = γ t) :
∃ N : R4, euclidNorm N = 1 ∧ (∀ s, E (u s) ≠ N ∧ γ s ≠ N) ∧
∃ n : ℤ, n ≠ 0 ∧ gaussLinkingIntegral N (fun s => E (u s)) γ = n := by sorry