Pugh's closing lemma
OpenPughClosingLemma.pugh_closing_lemmaLet be a compact smooth manifold (Hausdorff, without boundary, of dimension ) and let be a diffeomorphism. Let be a nonwandering point of : for every neighbourhood of there is with . Then there are diffeomorphisms arbitrarily close to in the topology of for which is a periodic point:
The closing lemma says that recurrence of the weakest kind (nonwandering) can be turned into genuine periodicity by a -small perturbation. It is the key ingredient of Pugh's General Density Theorem.
Formalization Note and its topology come from the published definition file BCWCentralizer_Basic: is M ≃ₘ^1⟮𝓡 d, 𝓡 d⟯ M, and the topology is induced by with the compact-open topology, which on a compact manifold is the usual topology. "Smooth" is encoded as a atlas modelled on ; "arbitrarily close" as membership in every neighbourhood; periodicity requires a period .
import Mathlib import Definitions.Def_PughClosingLemma_nonwandering import Definitions.Def_BCWCentralizer_Basic open scoped Manifold ContDiff Topology
namespace PughClosingLemma
theorem pugh_closing_lemma {d : ℕ} {M : Type*} [TopologicalSpace M] [T2Space M]
[CompactSpace M] [ChartedSpace (EuclideanSpace ℝ (Fin d)) M] [IsManifold (𝓡 d) ∞ M]
(f : BCWCentralizer.Diff1 d M) (x : M) (hx : IsNonwandering f x) :
∀ 𝒰 ∈ @nhds (BCWCentralizer.Diff1 d M) BCWCentralizer.c1Topology f,
∃ g ∈ 𝒰, x ∈ Function.periodicPts g := by sorry
end PughClosingLemma
Read-back
What the Lean code literally says, in plain math · Aristotle (Harmonic) - same agent that drafted the statements; NON-BLIND
Non-blind read-back — not independent testimony. This read-back was written by the same agent (Aristotle, by Harmonic) that drafted the Lean statements of this proposal, with full knowledge of the source and of the intended meaning. It is not a blind audit and must not be mistaken for independent testimony; reviewers should check the Lean code against the source themselves or obtain a blind read-back from an independent auditor.
is a natural number and is a topological space that is Hausdorff and compact, equipped with a charted-space structure with model space (Euclidean space , so no boundary) whose transition maps are (a manifold for the model with corners with trivial corners). may be empty, and is allowed. Here (the type BCWCentralizer.Diff1 d M from the referenced definition file BCWCentralizer_Basic) is the set of diffeomorphisms (bijections such that and are with respect to the manifold structure). The topology used on is BCWCentralizer.c1Topology: the coarsest topology for which the map is continuous, where is the tangent map of and the space of continuous self-maps carries the compact-open topology (uniform convergence on compact subsets of the tangent bundle ). A point is nonwandering for a map (PughClosingLemma.IsNonwandering h x) if for every neighbourhood of there is a natural number with , where is the -fold composite. The nonwandering set (PughClosingLemma.nonwanderingSet h) is the set of all such . (Mathlib's Function.periodicPts g) is the set of points for which there exists with (period is excluded).
Statement. For every such and , every and every point that is nonwandering for (the underlying map of) : for every set that is a neighbourhood of in the topology described above, there exists such that , i.e.
Notes on the literal content: is only required to be a diffeomorphism (not ); is itself only ; the period is not bounded; being empty makes the statement vacuous for that but non-empty manifolds are included. Closeness of to is expressed only through the compact-open topology on tangent maps (which also controls -closeness, via the zero section).
Confirmed by the mission captain (proposal self-audit).
Confirmed by the moderator at approval.